Ethical Issues of Deception in Psychological Research Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues of Deception in Psychological Research Essay In psychological studies, ethical issues associated with deception have always the major concern area. It is largely been viewed as something which in long will cause effect on participants’ willingness to be a part of any psychological research. The controversy associated with this issue has itself led to many researches to ascertain the positivity and negativity associated with the use of deception in psychological research. The findings of those researches have been contradictory. Some researcher has indicated that use of deception has a very negative impact on participant’s perception of researchers and hence reduces the possibility of its further participation in the ongoing project as well as any other research in future (Tuffin, 2005) While on the other hand there are evidences that deception has positive effect and participants have reported that they actually enjoyed being deceived and showed positive participation in the researches in which they are being deceived and feel more benefited than those without deception. Hence it becomes more evident that deception has basically no effect on participants and neither reduces nor increases their willingness in taking part in any future researches irrespective of those requiring deception or not (Lefkowitz, 2003). The above mentioned two contradictory preferences related to deception actually gives a picture which shows that the people have no clear meaning of deception and it varies from person to person i.e., they have different interceptions of what it actually means. This reinforces the need for further research and hence underscores the requirement for an expanded investigation to figure out the possible effects of deception in a prospective participant and the psychological study. The beginning of this new research could be initiated through a controlled environment when some of the participants and informed about the use of deception while some are not informed. The final objective is to ascertain the actual impact of deception when both researchers as well the participants have better understanding of deception (O’Donohue, 2003). References: O’Donohue, W. (2003) Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychology. Sage Publication Ltd.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London. UK Lefkowitz, J (2003) Ethics and values in industrial-organizational Psychology. Lawrence  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwas, NJ Tuffin, K (2005) Understanding Critical Social Psychology. Sage Publication Ltd., London. UK

The Affirmative Action Debate Essay example -- affirmative action argu

The Affirmative Action Debate    Most Americans desire a colorblind society. A society where individuals are judged upon merit, as opposed to the color of their skin. That is the reason Affirmative Action was birthed by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. That is also the reason that Proposition 209 was voted for in 1996.   These two historical events are driven by the desire of equality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is Affirmative Action?   According to Geraldine Leshin, it is "Taking positive or active steps to accomplish the public policy goal of equal employment opportunity."  Ã‚   What is Proposition 209?   Its a new law that has been passed that "prohibits the state of California and local governments from discriminating against or granting preferential treatment to any individual or group on the basis of race,   sex, color, ethnicity or national origin in public employment, public education or public contracting (San Jose Mercury News)."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative action was implemented for important reasons.   "Broadly defined, affirmative action refers to efforts to increase educational and employment opportunities for minorities and women.   More specifically, it applies to various programs and policies designed to increase the number of minorities and women hired by government and industry and admitted into colleges and universities."(Faundez, 213)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative action is important especially in the work force. Before affirmative action, minorities and women felt, and seemed to be, discriminated against being chosen for the job.   Affirmative action was to help with the "increasing of opportunities for those that were previously discriminated against"(Lemann, 145).   Affirmative action   was created to not only help Black-Amer... ....    Leshin, Geraldine (1979).   Equal Employment Opportunity an Affirmative Action in Labor-Management Relations A PRIMER.   Institute of Industrial Relations:   Los Angeles, Tab H.    Mendoza, Ryan (1996).   Affirmative Action remains the American compromise. The Yale Daily News, Internet.   Available: http://www.townhall.com/columnists.duplantier/dul112195.html (1996, October 4).    Mills, Nicolaus, ed.   Debating Affirmative Action:   Race, Gender, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Inclusion.   New York:   Delta trade Paper-backs, 1994.    Proposition 209 and Affirmative Action (1996).  Ã‚   San Jose Mercury News. Available: http://www.sjercruy.com/news/breaknws.htm    Rockwell, Paul (1996).   Angry White Guys For Affirmative Action. Available:   http://www.dnai.com/~awgfaa/html/angry.html (1996, October 4).

Isolation of Single Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Capable

Isolation of Single Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Capable of Long-Term Multilineage Engraftment A variety of distinct progenitors arising from self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) allow for the production of mature blood cell lineages. Human HSCs are poorly understood due to their rarity and difficulty to segregate them from multipotent progenitors (MPPS) to obtain a pure population for analysis. This study investigates the determining factors of HSCs.It appears that the majority of HSCs are CD34+, as hown by transplantation and xenograft repopulation assays, however most of these cells are lineage-restricted progenitors and HSCs are therefore rare. Enrichment of HSCs seems reliant on CD45RA, Thyl and CD38 expression. Further study into the role of each of these factors in HSC differentiation is required. In this study a range of assays were carried out in an attempt to identify and separate HSCs from MPPs. Recently it was shown that a depletion in Thyl expression in the CD 34+CD38-CD45RA- compartment of lineage-depleted cord blood was ufficient to separate HSCs from MPPs.However, further studies gave rise to concern surrounding this theory. They then used an optimized HSC xenograft assay and flow- sorted cord blood HSCs and MPPs into functionally characterized fractions. Data obtained from this assay suggested that cells with extensive self-renewal potential exist in both Thyl+ and Thyl- subsets. However, more extensive research was required to investigate the disparity in secondary transfer efficiency between subsets. To distinguish the cause of such disparity the Thyl subsets were sorted intoThyl+ and Thy- cells and cultured with stroma cells known to express HSC supportive ligands. The results demonstrated that the Thyl- compartment is heterogeneous and contains a small fraction with repopulating activity and a larger fraction with MMP- like activity and therefore may account for the differences in efficiency between subsets. To further distinguish HSCs in both Thy+ and Thy- subsets they analysed cell surface markers and found only CD49f to be differentially expressed between subsets.Next they investigated whether HSCs could be identified using CD49f expression. Data recovered indicated that human HSCs are indeed marked by CD49f. Further tests were carried out on Thyl-CD49f+ and Thyl-CD49f- subsets. Results revealed Thyl-CD49f- cells are short term HSCs as they fail to engraft long-term, indicating that these are MPPs. Investigation into the role of mitochondrial dye rhodamine-123 (Rho) in HSC enrichment. Results indicated twofold enrichment for HSCs compared to Thyl+ alone as opposed to Thyl +Rholo.The next aspect nvestigated was whether the addition of Rho to Thyl +CD49f+ would permit robust engraftment of single human HSCs. This investigation was carried out using single cell transplantation with two separate experiments focusing on engraftment and Thyl +RholoCD49f+ cells provides evidence that human HSCs express CD49f. Th ese findings illustrated by Notta et al. will aid in identifying gene regulatory networks that govern human HSC function and therefore allow manipulation of human HSCs ex vivo with the aim of overcoming the barriers associated with transplantation.

Health Promotion Body Image - 2158 Words

Review of Literature Body Image What is body image? Body image is how we perceive ourselves positively or negatively, how we feel about our bodies, the amount of physical space we take up, and how others view us. According to Brown University s Health Promotion, â€Å"body image is a widespread preoccupation† (Health Promotion: Body Image, 2008). In the same article a study was conducted with college students, 74.4% of normal weight women expressed that they think about their appearance is frequently at 46% of normal weight men expressed that they often think about their body weight too (Health Promotion: Body Image, 2008). In today’s culture the demand to focus on our appearance is at an all-time high, and with the high demand comes the potential to create a negative body image. In Health Promotion in Nursing Practice Pender (2011) expresses that children are very observant and retain a lot of information and behaviors they see, which can lead to them adopting lifestyle behaviors perceived body image that can carry over into adolescence and adulthood (Pender, 2011). Pender suggests that depending on what children are exposed they can develop and adopt healthy or unhealthy lifestyle behaviors based on the amount of exposure. They can also develop negative thoughts around their body image, which can lead to them having issues with their eating habits, self-esteem and lifestyle choices (Pender, 2011). There are several factors that can affect an individual s body image.Show MoreRelatedHealth And The Changing View Of Healthy Health1015 Words   |  5 PagesHealth has become an important factor in today’s society. More so in wealthy or more developed countries. Many more people can be seen performing in physical activities and engaging in exercise than in past years. 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